Dead were reported on both sides. Pakistan said Indian strikes had killed at least eight people, and India said Pakistani artillery fire had killed three civilians along the de facto border in contested Kashmir.
The Indian army said “justice is served”, with New Delhi adding that its actions “have been focused, measured and non-escalatory in nature”.
He accused Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi of launching the strikes to “shore up” his domestic popularity.
Earlier, Pakistan's military said three locations in Pakistan-administered Kashmir had been hit along with two -- Bahawalpur and Muridke -- in the country's most populous province of Punjab.
Shortly after, India accused Pakistan of “indiscriminate” firing and artillery shelling across the Line of Control (LoC), the de facto border in Kashmir, with bursts of flame as shells landed seen by AFP reporters.
India had been widely expected to respond militarily to the April 22 attack on tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir by gunmen it said were from Pakistan-based group Lashkar-e-Taiba, a UN-designated terrorist organisation.
New Delhi has blamed Islamabad for backing the attack, sparking a series of heated threats and diplomatic tit-for-tat measures.
'Maximum restraint'
For days the international community has piled pressure on Pakistan and India to step back from the brink of war.
Asked about the strikes, US President Donald Trump told reporters in Washington he hopes the fighting “ends very quickly”.
Rubio also spoke with Pakistan's national security advisor, Lt. General Asim Malik, a senior Pakistani military official told AFP.
“I am monitoring the situation between India and Pakistan closely,“ Rubio said on X, adding that he will “continue to engage both Indian and Pakistani leadership towards a peaceful resolution”.
India's army said it had “demonstrated considerable restraint in selection of targets and method of execution”, adding that “no Pakistani military facilities have been targeted”.
Indian fighter jets could be heard flying over Srinagar, the capital of Indian-administered Kashmir.
Rebels in Indian-administered Kashmir have waged an insurgency since 1989, seeking independence or a merger with Pakistan.
Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi is expected in New Delhi on Wednesday, two days after a visit to Islamabad, as Tehran seeks to mediate.
The strikes came just hours after Modi said that water flowing across India's borders would be stopped. Pakistan had warned that tampering with the rivers that flow from India into its territory would be an “act of war”.
“India's water used to go outside, now it will flow for India,“ Modi said in a speech in New Delhi.
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