Webcam hacking grants remote access to your device's camera, which allows bad actors to watch and record the camera view. This means that they can turn your camera on and off, see what the camera sees, and take photos and videos. The potential risks here include everything from snooping on your personal movements and private activities to recording footage for blackmail to "shoulder surfing" in order to steal data to tracking when you are home. Live feeds may also be shared or sold on the dark web, compromising your privacy, digital security, and possibly physical safety.
Surveillance camera networks are also widespread and pervasive in our day-to-day lives. The Electronic Frontier Foundation has outlined some of the ways in which video surveillance is conducted and used in cities across the country, from automated license plate readers to mobile surveillance towers. The data are accessible to law enforcement, of course, but these cameras have also been targeted by hackers with live streams exposed online. BitSight also found compromised cameras in public spaces, such as gyms and stores.
How hackers gain access to your camera
Other cameras connected to the internet may be accessed remotely using the default manufacturer usernames and passwords, which are often publicly available. Weak credentials can also be brute-forced, and older devices that no longer receive security updates may be especially susceptible to hacking.
There are also a handful of red flags that your webcam may have been compromised. An obvious one is that your camera indicator light is on or flashing when you're not actually using your camera, such as for a Zoom meeting or video call. Other signs of a malware infection include a fast-draining battery, suspicious or unfamiliar apps or files on your device, strange network activity, and unexpected changes in your webcam settings.
How to prevent your cameras from spying on you
Keep your devices—including all internet-connected cameras—up to date with the latest firmware. Enable automatic updates if available, and check regularly for security patches that address vulnerabilities. Change the default usernames and passwords on your IoT cameras to something strong and unique (again, these defaults are often publicly known). Firewalls and VPNs are also useful tools for blocking unauthorized access to your network and devices.
Windows: Start > Settings > Privacy & security > Camera
Privacy & Security > Camera
Security & Privacy Privacy > Permission manager > Camera
Privacy & Security > Camera
Finally, a low-tech form of protection is a webcam cover—or even a piece of tape—to block your camera's view when it's not in use.
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