There are a lot of sub-categories in both of these display types, but for the purposes of this article, I'm going to mainly focus on the core distinctions between these two main groups. It's also worth pointing out that while you may sometimes see OLED panels in smartphones, there aren't any QLED smartphones just yet.
Meanwhile, QLED displays use a blue backlight and "quantum dot" pixels to turn that light into red, green, or blue light. This allows QLED displays to be much brighter than OLED, making it easier to see in sunny rooms with a lot of natural lighting. They're also less prone to burn-in, though they're usually thicker than OLED (making them ill-suited for smartphones) and have worse black levels.
How do OLED displays work?
Typical liquid crystal display (LCD) screens use a backlight shining through liquid crystals that filter the color of the backlight to create each pixel's hue. The downside to this technique is that those liquid crystals can't fully block the backlight, which is why even when your monitor shows a completely black screen, it still looks "on."
There are several advantages to this type of display:
Wide viewing angles: Since you're looking at pixels that are effectively a series of tiny lights without any filters, there are fewer issues with viewing angles. You can watch an OLED TV from way off to the side and still see it clearly.
Lower power consumption (sometimes): Technically, OLED displays consume more power to reach similar levels of uniform brightness compared to LCDs, however, the per-pixel lighting means they don't always need to. Some smartphones take advantage of this by offering minimal ambient displays that light up a few pixels to show the time or notifications while keeping the rest of the display dark to save power. This also means, in some cases, switching to dark mode can actually make your phone last a bit longer.
They also cost more than LCDs, and that cost scales the bigger the display. For smartphones, that might not be a big deal (even some budget phones have OLED panels now), but for TVs that can mean several hundred or thousands of dollars for the biggest screens. Since OLED displays can also have a shorter lifespan, it's worth considering before making a huge investment.
How do QLEDs work, and what are quantum dots?
In practice, QLED displays start with a blue backlight—since blue light has the shortest wavelength and thus highest energy—which then hits the quantum dot layer. This layer contains a mixture of quantum dots sized to produce either green or red light when struck by the backlight.
So, why should I get a QLED display?
This process is more energy efficient than using pure white backlights, which means it can make colors that are much more saturated and vivid than regular LCD displays. It still doesn't achieve the pure black levels of OLED displays, but it can result in much better contrast than LCD displays without a quantum dot layer.
QLED displays have some useful advantages compared to OLED panels. Including:
A wide, vibrant color gamut: Since quantum dots reproduce colors more efficiently, you can get really vibrant and accurate colors from a QLED panel. This is great for high-dynamic range content that makes all your colorful movies and shows really pop.
Larger TVs for lower costs: Generally speaking, OLED TVs can get super pricey when you start looking at bigger sizes. QLEDs, however, will usually be more accessible without sacrificing size.
To make matters more confusing, some manufacturers use quantum dots for their LCD displays, but don't call them "QLED." Hisense, for example, uses the ULED label. The company says this term refers to a "special sauce" of different TV technologies, but that combination includes quantum dots with an LED backlight and LCD matrix.
It's annoying to get lost in the marketing jargon, but if you're looking for a bright TV that can compete with the sunshine coming through your windows, QLED TVs are gonna be your best bet. Otherwise, if you prefer really deep contrast, usually watch in a darker room, and maybe have a bit too much money to spend, OLED TVs will be more your speed.
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