In high school biology, we studied the details of how the stinging nettle defends itself. The surface is covered with small crystalline spikes: hollow tubes which are capped at the outer end by an offset blob. At the root of the spike, below the plant surface, is a flexible sack filled with formic acid. An animal pressing against the spike compresses the acid in the sack. At some point the pressure exceeds the strength of the spike, shearing away the offset blob, leaving a surgically sharp point. The compressed acid shoots up the hollow center as the spike tip penetrates the skin of the animal. The resulting sting encourages the animal to go away, protecting the nettle. The elegance of
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