This issue stems from two major problems. The first are cables that conform to different USB specifications, without necessarily being labeled as such. And the second is charging blocks that provide different levels of power, more often with at least some kind of label, but less clarity on what those labels mean.
If you've found yourself in a similar situation, here's what makes those cables so magic.
Beyond that, USB specifications are used to denote minimum data transfer speeds and power supplied. This can get complicated, but the important part for charging purposes is a cable or charger's Power Delivery rating.
Why using the right charger matters
Power Delivery was a feature added to the USB specifications so that manufacturers can't denote just how much power a particular charger can supply. This is usually measured in watts (or W). For example, a laptop might come with a 100W power supply, while a smartphone might only require a 20W charger for fast charging.
For devices like laptops or tablets, the amount of power you consume just by using your device can actually exceed how much power a slow-charging cable can provide. This is why my friend's portable monitor needed a specific cable. Powering on a bright screen takes quite a bit of power, and the non-magic cables were likely only designed for things like plugging in a mouse or charging headphones. If the device you've plugged in demands more power than the cable or charging block can provide, it will either continue to drain the battery (though perhaps a bit slower), or shut off entirely.
It's important to make sure that whatever you're using to charge your devices, you make sure that every step in the chain is up to the task. The power outlet in your home provides enough power (we'd hope), but beyond that, the charging block, the cable, and even the device itself all need to support the amount of power delivery you need.
So, forget all of that. If all you're concerned with is how fast you charge your gadgets, there are two main things you should look for:
What is the wattage of the charger? If you're buying third-party, many manufacturers will list the maximum wattage of their products. This is usually a bit more common for charging blocks than cables themselves, but in general, higher is better. Your phone absolutely does not need a 100W charger, but your laptop might. And, as mentioned before, your devices will default to the slowest element in the chain.
What happens if you use the "wrong" charger?
The good news is, in the vast majority of cases, you won't damage your devices if you use the wrong charger on them. A 100W charger can still fast charge your phone even if it doesn't use its full capacity. Even a too-slow charger will provide power; it just might take a while. In fact, if you had a smartphone before companies started advertising "fast charging," that's basically what was happening.
Even in that case, you're not likely to damage your device, but it will rely on whatever battery power it has to keep going. It will drain more slowly, since it's trying to draw power from both the battery and the wall at once, but if you're doing anything too demanding, it will eventually die.
When it comes to peripherals—like my friend's portable monitor—that don't have their own batteries, however, they simply won't turn on. If you're plugging in a device that needs power via USB, but it won't turn on, there's a good chance you're either using a cable that's not rated to transfer enough power, or the device you're plugging it into isn't able to give it enough.
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